(a)       Pengembangan dan Pengecutan Pepejal 

1.	Pepejal akan mengembang apabila dipanaskan dan mengecut apabiladisejukkan. Namun begitu, pengembangan dan pengecutan pepejal tidak melibatkan perubahan yang besar dan sukar dikesan oleh mata kasar.        -Bola besi tidak dapat melepasi gelang logam apabila bola besi dipanaskan.
2.	Contoh pengembangan pepejal: Penutup botol (logam) yang ketat boleh dibuka dengan mudah dengan memanaskan penutup itu. Apabila penutup dipanaskan, ia akan memgembang dan bertambah saiznya. Ini membolehkan penutup itu dibuka dengan senang.
3.	Aplikasi pengembangan dan pengecutan pepejal
	i.	Celah-celah pada landasan kereta api di bahagian penyambungannya bertujuan untuk mengelakkan landasan besi membengkok apabila mengembang pada hari panas.
	ii.	Kabel telefon dan kabel elektrik dipasang kendur sedikit di antara tiang. Ini bertujuan untuk mengelakkan kabel menjadi tegang dan putus pada waktu malam yang lebih sejuk.

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(b)       Pengembangan dan Pengecutan Cecair 

1.	Cecair juga mengembang apabila dipanaskan dan mengecut apabila disejukkan.
2.	Pengembangan dan pengecutan cecair adalah lebih banyak daripada pepejal.                           -Aras air berwarna dalam tiub kaca menaik kerana cecair                             mengembang apabila dipanaskan
3.	Aplikasi pengembangan dan pengecutan cecair
	Pengembangan dan pengecutan merkuri (raksa) dalam termometer membolehkan kita menyukat suhu sesuatu bahan.

  

(c)       Pengembangan dan Pengecutan Gas 

1.	Seperti pepejal dan cecair, gas juga boleh mengembang dan mengecut.
2.	Pengembangan dan pengecutan dalam gas adalah paling banyakberbanding pepejal dan cecair.              -belon mengembang dan saiznya bertambah               -udara di dalam belon dipanaskan lalu mengembang
3.	Aplikasi pengembangan gas
	Dalam industri membuat roti, gas karbon dioksida hasil daripada penapaian yis (ragi) mengembang apabila adunan roti dipanaskan. Ini akan menaikkan adunan roti.

• 2 2-inch washers for the boltYou will need:
  • 4’ X 4’ 3/4 inch plywood
  • Piece of heavy-duty tarp material 5’ X 5’
  • .25 inch machine bolt (1.5 inches long) with nuta
• Plastic cover for a round electrical box
• Leaf blower (cordless electric leaf blowers are great – we used a Makita BUB182Z)
• Lawn chair (optional)
• String
• Pencil
• TOOLS: (adult use only) jig saw, staple gun, drill, utility knife, sandpaper

What to do:

1. Mark the center of the plywood by drawing lines between opposite corners.Nail a small nail into the center of the panel and use a pencil tied to a piece of string as a compass to draw a 4’ circle as shown
2. Using a jig saw, carefully cut the circle out of the panel and sand the edges smooth and round with sandpaper.
3. Measure the width of the leaf blower output and use a hole cutter or jig saw to cut a hole the same width. It should be about 2 feet from the center of the plywood and it should fit snug. (use duct tape around the blower if needed to tighten up the seal.)
4. If you want to attach a seat (or anything else) to the top, now would be the time. Drill holes and attach with machine screws. Install the machine screws through the bottom, and counter-sink all screws to keep the bottom of the craft smooth.
5. Lay the plywood on the center of the tarp and wrap the tarp over the edge. Staple the tarp onto the top of the hovercraft with a staple gun along the edge so that the staples almost touch each other. Be sure to keep the tarp as taught as possible while stapling. When finished, you can trim any extra tarp material away with scissors if desired.
6. Drill a 1/4 inch hole through the center of the plywood/tarp and also through the center of the electrical box cover.
7. Feed the bolt through a washer and the plastic cover, and then up through the hovercraft. Secure with a washer and the nut from the top as shown. Cover the screw head with duct tape to avoid scratching the floor.
8. Use a utility knife or hobby knife to carefully cut 6 evenly spaced holes into the tarp material in a circle about 10 inches from the center. The holes should be about 1.5 inches wide. (You can use an American quarter to trace the circles.)
9. To make bumpers, you can cut foam pipe insulation and attach to the outside edge with hot glue. For extra style when using at night or indoors, add 12 volt LED strip lights and power with a 9 volt battery.Construction is complete, you are ready to hover!

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